What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that contains the biological instructions that make each species unique. DNA, along with the instructions it contains, is passed from adult organisms to their offspring during reproduction. In organisms called eukaryotes, DNA is located in a special region of the cell called the nucleus. Because the cell is so small and organisms have a large number of DNA molecules per cell, each DNA molecule must be tightly packed. This packaged form of DNA is called a chromosome. During DNA replication, DNA unwinds so that it can be copied.
At other times of the cell cycle, DNA is also decoded so that its instructions can be used in protein making and other biological processes. However, during cell division, DNA is in the form of compact chromosomes to enable transfer to new cells. DNA found in the nucleus of the cell He calls it nuclear DNA. The entire nuclear DNA of an organism is called its genome. Besides the DNA found in the nucleus, humans and other complex organisms also have small amounts of DNA in their cell structures known as mitochondria. Mitochondria produce the energy the cell needs to function properly.
In sexual reproduction, organisms inherit half of their nuclear DNA from the male parent and half from the female parent. However, organisms inherit all their mitochondrial DNA from the female parent. This is because only egg cells, not sperm cells, retain their mitochondria during fertilization. almost any type of DNA Humans and other complex organisms also have small amounts of DNA in their cell structures known as mitochondria. Mitochondria produce the energy the cell needs to function properly. In sexual reproduction, organisms inherit half of their nuclear DNA from the male parent and half from the female parent.
However, organisms inherit all their mitochondrial DNA from the female parent. This is because only egg cells, not sperm cells, retain their mitochondria during fertilization. almost any type of DNA Humans and other complex organisms also have small amounts of DNA in their cell structures known as mitochondria. Mitochondria produce the energy the cell needs to function properly. In sexual reproduction, organisms inherit half of their nuclear DNA from the male parent and half from the female parent. However, organisms inherit all their mitochondrial DNA from the female parent.
This is because only egg cells, not sperm cells, retain their mitochondria during fertilization. almost any type of DNA organisms inherit all their mitochondrial DNA from the female parent. This is because only egg cells, not sperm cells, retain their mitochondria during fertilization. almost any type of DNA organisms inherit all their mitochondrial DNA from the female parent. This is because only egg cells, not sperm cells, retain their mitochondria during fertilization. almost any type of DNAmath department, chemistry department, physics department and Biology department covers.
What are DNA Structure and Properties?
In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA. The work of Rosalind Franklin led to the discovery of Watson and Crick. Franklin first pointed out that DNA consists of two spirals. The structure of DNA is a double helix structure as it resembles a twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder are made of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate molecules, while the rungs of the ladder are made up of a pair of nitrogen bases.
The information in DNA is stored as a code consisting of four chemical bases. These bases are adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). Human DNA is made up of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of these bases are the same in all humans. The order or sequence of these bases determines the information available to build and maintain an organism. Just as the letters of the alphabet appear in a particular order to form words and sentences. DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs.
In addition, each base is attached to both a sugar and a phosphate molecule. The base, sugar and phosphate together are called nucleotides. The nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. The structure of the double helix is somewhat similar to a ladder, with base pairs forming the rungs of the ladder and sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical side pieces of the ladder. An important property of DNA is its ability to replicate itself.
Each DNA sequence in the double helix can serve as a model for copying the base sequence. The division of these cells is very important. Because every new cell must have an exact copy of the DNA found in the old cell. As a result of the double helix structure of DNA, the molecule has two asymmetrical grooves. One groove is smaller than the other.Molecular biology and genetics One of the areas of greatest interest of the branch is DNA functions.
This asymmetry is a result of the geometric configuration of the bonds between the phosphate, sugar, and base groups, which forces the base groups to bond at angles of 120 degrees instead of 180 degrees. The larger groove is called the main groove, it is formed when the spines are far apart; they occur when they are close together, while the smaller one is called the minor groove. Because the major and minor grooves expose the edges of the bases, the grooves can be used to tell the base sequence of a particular DNA molecule. The possibility of such recognition is very important, as proteins must be able to recognize the specific DNA sequences to which they will bind in order for the body and cell to perform their proper functions.
What Are the Functions of DNA?
DNA is the basis of life on planet Earth and is present in every living thing. The function of DNA is to store all the genetic information an organism needs in order to develop, function and reproduce. Essentially, it’s the biological manual in every cell of yours. DNA is the information molecule. It stores instructions for making other large molecules called proteins. These instructions are stored inside each of your cells, which are distributed among 46 long structures called chromosomes. These chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter pieces of DNA called genes. Each gene stores instructions for making protein fragments, complete proteins, or multiple specific proteins.
DNA polymers drive the production of other polymers called proteins. A protein is a polymer of one or more monomers called amino acids. proteins, They are the workhorse molecules in your cells. They act as enzymes, structural support, hormones, and a host of other functional molecules. All properties result from the interactions of proteins with each other and with the surrounding environments. The genes that determine how each of the four proteins are made are split between the two chromosomes. This means that each chromosome consists of two genes.
Since the proteins specified by genes all have four amino acid monomers, each gene must have four codons. And since a codon always consists of three nucleotides, each gene contains 12 nucleotide monomers and therefore each chromosome is 24 nucleotides long. The genes that determine how each of the four proteins are made are split between the two chromosomes. This means that each chromosome consists of two genes. Since the proteins specified by genes all have four amino acid monomers, each gene must have four codons. And since a codon always consists of three nucleotides, each gene contains 12 nucleotide monomers and therefore each chromosome is 24 nucleotides long.
The genes that determine how each of the four proteins are made are split between the two chromosomes. This means that each chromosome consists of two genes. Since the proteins specified by genes all have four amino acid monomers, each gene must have four codons. And since a codon always consists of three nucleotides, each gene contains 12 nucleotide monomers and therefore each chromosome is 24 nucleotides long.Department of Medical Engineering is of great importance in the field. Genetic Engineering is also very interested in this field.
Who Discovered DNA?
Swiss biochemist Frederich Miescher first observed DNA in the late 1800s. But from that discovery, nearly a century passed before researchers deciphered the structure of the DNA molecule and realized its central importance in biology science Throughout their lives, men have debated which molecule carries life’s biological instructions. Many thought that DNA was too simple a molecule to play such a critical role. Instead, they argued, proteins are more likely to perform this vital function because of their greater complexity and wider variety of forms.
The importance of DNA became clear in 1953, thanks to the work of James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin.scientists By studying X-ray diffraction patterns and building models, they found a structure that enables the double-helix structure of DNA to carry biological information from one generation to the next.
